31 março 2015

Corona from Svalbard



During a total solar eclipse, the Sun's extensive outer atmosphere, or corona, is an inspirational sight. Streamers and shimmering features that engage the eye span a brightness range of over 10,000 to 1, making them notoriously difficult to capture in a single photograph. But this composite of 29 telescopic images covers a wide range of exposure times to reveal the crown of the Sun in all its glory. The aligned and stacked digital frames were recorded in the cold, clear skies above the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, Norway during the Sun's total eclipse on March 20 and also show solar prominences extending just beyond the edge of the solar disk. Remarkably, even small details on the dark night side of the New Moon can be made out, illuminated by sunlight reflected from a Full Earth. Of course, fortunes will be reversed on April 4 as a Full Moon plunges into the shadow of a New Earth, during a total lunar eclipse.



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10 facts you should know about Vincent van Gogh

10 facts you should know about Vincent van Gogh: teded: 1. Vincent van Gogh was born on March 30,...
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imjustadweeb:azurlei:longlivethesunqueen:astreana:dippednv8splash...





imjustadweeb:



azurlei:



longlivethesunqueen:



astreana:



dippednv8splash:



mephistos-cafe-lattes:



lemonisinplay:



olivia-amazing:



mdg138:



nowyoukno:



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life saved thank you.



also available in the UK if you have a .ac.uk student email



also also also, depending on your college, your .edu email address may be available to you indefinitely, even after you’re no longer there. I graduated in 2012, and I’m buried under massive pile of student loans, but at least my Prime is free!

pretty much why i love shopping on amazon



Does astreana know this?

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OMG!!!! Thank you!



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reblog unless you legitimately hate everyone



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jimmij93:Bored/Need A Laugh?Your Inner Child Will Love These...

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The Awful Hating The Terrible

the Ku Klux Klan and the Westbroro Baptist Church have denounced one another. The KKK opposes the WBC’s anti-soldier statements, and the WBC opposes the KKK’s racism.


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March 31st 1492: Spanish expulsionOn this day in 1492, the joint...



Wedding portrait of King Ferdinand II of Aragon (1452 – 1516) and Queen Isabella I of Castile (1451 – 1504)





The Alhambra Decree, 1492





Depiction of the Spanish expulsion of Jews



March 31st 1492: Spanish expulsion


On this day in 1492, the joint Catholic monarchs of Spain - Ferdinand and Isabella - issued the Alhambra Decree. This decree ordered the expulsion of all Jews who refused to convert to Christianity, from the Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Aragon by July 31st. This measure was pushed for by the monarchs’ adviser Tomas de Torquemada, who spearheaded the Spanish Inquisition aimed at rooting out heresy. Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to the expulsion after successfully completing the reconquista - the unification of Spain under Christian rule - with the conquest of Granada. The majority of the nearly 200,000 Spanish Jews chose to leave the country rather than renounce their religion and culture. Many of these Sephardic Jews moved to Turkey, Africa, and elsewhere in Europe, though they often encountered violence as they tried to leave the country. Those who fled to neighboring Portugal were expelled from that country only four years later when King Manuel married the daughter of the Spanish monarchs. The Jews who remained became conversos, suffering harassment and mistrust; indeed, some such converts did continue practicing Judaism in secret. The policy of religious conformity continued in 1502, when Spanish Muslims were also ordered to convert to Christianity. The importance of the expulsion is often overshadowed by the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, on a voyage funded by the Spanish monarchs, also in 1492. The Alhambra Decree was formally revoked by the Second Vatican Council in 1968, as part of a general attempt by the Spanish government to make amends for the painful legacy of the expulsion.


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30 março 2015

Via: http://ift.tt/19V5cyI ‘On This Day in...





Via: http://ift.tt/19V5cyIOn This Day in Psychology: A Showcase of Great Pioneers and Defining Moments.’


Documenting a significant person, event or landmark in the history of psychology every day of the year, you’ll find this book a thoroughly engaging read whatever your connection with psychology - student, educator, professional or general interest.


VISIT —> http://ift.tt/1eWNk1f For free psychology information & resources.


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A Flag Shaped Aurora over Sweden



It appeared, momentarily, like a 50-km tall banded flag. In mid-March, an energetic Coronal Mass Ejection directed toward a clear magnetic channel to Earth led to one of the more intense geomagnetic storms of recent years. A visual result was wide spread auroras being seen over many countries near Earth's magnetic poles. Captured over Kiruna, Sweden, the image features an unusually straight auroral curtain with the green color emitted low in the Earth's atmosphere, and red many kilometers higher up. It is unclear where the rare purple aurora originates, but it might involve an unusual blue aurora at an even lower altitude than the green, seen superposed with a much higher red. As the Sun continues near its top level of surface activity, colorful nights of auroras over Earth are likely to continue.



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Mythology Meme: (1/8) Mortals ➝ Medea In Euripides’s play...










Mythology Meme: (1/8) Mortals ➝ Medea


In Euripides’s play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter, Glauce. The play tells of Medea avenging her husband’s betrayal by slaying their children.



mythos
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There are reliable sources that state that Mongolian archers...





There are reliable sources that state that Mongolian archers could routinely hit targets over 500 meters away. To put that in perspective, the gun that the United States Army uses today has a maximum deadly range of about 600 meters, with a reliable kill range of about half that. Meaning technically, at distances over 250 meters, a Mongolian archer would pose more of a threat to you than a US Marine.


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Can Squirrels Fly?

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What is Public Health? (From Public Health Wessex Training...





What is Public Health?


(From Public Health Wessex Training Group, UK)


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Hubble Views a Galaxy on Edge



This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows an edge-on view of the spiral galaxy NGC 5023. Due to its orientation we cannot appreciate its spiral arms, but we can admire the elegant profile of its disk. The galaxy lies over 30 million light-years away from us. NGC 5023 is part of the M51 group of galaxies. The brightest galaxy in this group is Messier 51, the Whirlpool Galaxy, which has been captured by Hubble many times. NGC 5023 is less fond of the limelight and seems rather unsociable in comparison — it is relatively isolated from the other galaxies in the group. Astronomers are particularly interested in the vertical structure of disks like these. By analyzing the structure above and below the central plane of the galaxy they can make progress in understanding galaxy evolution. Astronomers are able to analyze the distribution of different types of stars within the galaxy and their properties, in particular how well evolved they are on the Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram — a scatter graph of stars that shows their evolution. NGC 5023 is one of six edge-on spiral galaxies observed as part of a study using Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys. They study this vertical distribution and find a trend which suggests that heating of the disc plays an important role in producing the stars seen away from the plane of the galaxy. In fact, NGC 5023 is pretty popular when it comes to astronomers, despite its unsociable behavior. The galaxy is also one of 14 disk galaxies that are part of the GHOSTS survey — a survey which uses Hubble data to study galaxy halos, outer disks and star clusters. It is the largest study to date of star populations in the outskirts of disk galaxies. The incredible sharp sight of Hubble has allowed scientist to count more than 30,000 individual bright stars in this image. This is only a small fraction of the several billion stars that this galaxy contains, but the others are too faint to detect individually even with Hubble. European Space Agency Credit: ESA/NASA



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In 1980, the United Nations imposed a cultural boycott on South Africa in condemnation of apartheid....

In 1980, the United Nations imposed a cultural boycott on South Africa in condemnation of apartheid. Queen flouted the boycott and were blacklisted by the UN. Other artists that ignored the boycott include The Beach Boys, Frank Sinatra and Elton John.


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Why Public Health? After working to establish a community...





Why Public Health?


After working to establish a community health center in an underserved area of North Philadelphia, Jennifer Atlas, SM ‘14, went to Harvard School of Public Health to study health policy and management. Upon graduation, she accepted a job doing strategy and business development work at Children’s National Medical Center in Washington D.C.


(From Harvard School of Public Health)


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29 março 2015

Via: http://ift.tt/19V5cyI ‘On This Day in...





Via: http://ift.tt/19V5cyIOn This Day in Psychology: A Showcase of Great Pioneers and Defining Moments.’


Documenting a significant person, event or landmark in the history of psychology every day of the year, you’ll find this book a thoroughly engaging read whatever your connection with psychology - student, educator, professional or general interest.


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Shadow of a Martian Robot



What if you saw your shadow on Mars and it wasn't human? Then you might be the Opportunity rover currently exploring Mars. Opportunity has been exploring the red planet since early 2004, finding evidence of ancient water, and sending breathtaking images across the inner Solar System. Pictured above in 2004, Opportunity looks opposite the Sun into Endurance Crater and sees its own shadow. Two wheels are visible on the lower left and right, while the floor and walls of the unusual crater are visible in the background. Opportunity is continuing on its long trek exploring unusual terrain in Meridiani Planum which continues to yield clues to the ancient history of Mars, our Solar System, and even humanity.



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Did Neurons Evolve Twice?Comb jellies are ancient marine...









Did Neurons Evolve Twice?


Comb jellies are ancient marine predators whose comb-like cilia refract light as they swim. Biologists are intrigued by their highly unusual nervous systems.


When Leonid Moroz, a neuroscientist at the Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience in St. Augustine, Fla., first began studying comb jellies, he was puzzled. He knew the primitive sea creatures had nerve cells — responsible, among other things, for orchestrating the darting of their tentacles and the beat of their iridescent cilia. But those neurons appeared to be invisible. The dyes that scientists typically use to stain and study those cells simply didn’t work. The comb jellies’ neural anatomy was like nothing else he had ever encountered.


After years of study, he thinks he knows why. According to traditional evolutionary biology, neurons evolved just once, hundreds of millions of years ago, likely after sea sponges branched off the evolutionary tree. But Moroz thinks it happened twice — once in ancestors of comb jellies, which split off at around the same time as sea sponges, and once in the animals that gave rise to jellyfish and all subsequent animals, including us. He cites as evidence the fact that comb jellies have a relatively alien neural system, employing different chemicals and architecture from our own. “When we look at the genome and other information, we see not only different grammar but a different alphabet,” Moroz said.


When Moroz proposed his theory, evolutionary biologists were skeptical. Neurons are the most complex cell type in existence, critics argued, capable of capturing information, making computations and executing decisions. Because they are so complicated, they are unlikely to have evolved twice.


But new support for Moroz’s idea comes from recent genetic work suggesting that comb jellies are ancient — the first group to branch off the animal family tree. If true, that would bolster the chance that they evolved neurons on their own.


The debate has generated intense interest among evolutionary biologists. Moroz’s work does not only call into question the origins of the brain and the evolutionary history of animals. It also challenges the deeply entrenched idea that evolution progresses steadily forward, building up complexity over time.


The First Split


Somewhere in the neighborhood of 540 million years ago, the ocean was poised for an explosion of animal life. The common ancestor of all animals roamed the seas, ready to diversify into the rich panoply of fauna we see today.


Scientists have long assumed that sponges were the first to branch off the main trunk of the animal family tree. They’re one of the simplest classes of animals, lacking specialized structures, such as nerves or a digestive system. Most rely on the ambient flow of water to collect food and remove waste.


Later, as is generally believed, the rest of the animal lineage split into comb jellies, also known as ctenophores (pronounced TEN-oh-fours); cnidarians (jellyfish, corals and anemones); very simple multicellular animals called placozoa; and eventually bilaterians, the branch that led to insects, humans and everything in between.


But sorting out the exact order in which the early animal branches split has been a notoriously thorny problem. We have little sense of what animals looked like so many millions of years ago because their soft bodies left little tangible evidence in rocks. “The fossil record is spotty,” said Linda Holland, an evolutionary biologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego.


To make up for our inability to see into the past, scientists use the morphology (structure) and genetics of living animals to try to reconstruct the relationships of ancient ones. But in the case of comb jellies, the study of living animals presents serious challenges.


Little is known about comb jellies’ basic biology. The animals are incredibly fragile, often falling to pieces once they’re caught in a net. And it’s difficult to raise them in captivity, making it nearly impossible to do the routine experiments that scientists might perform on other animals.


For a long time comb jellies were thought to be closely related to jellyfish. With their symmetrical body plans and gelatinous makeup, the two species outwardly resemble one another. Yet the animals swim and hunt differently — jellyfish have stinging tentacles, while comb jellies have sticky ones. And at the genome level, comb jellies are closer to sponges, which have no nervous system at all.


In comb jellies or in any other animal, an evolutionary analysis that relies on morphology might lead to one evolutionary tree, while one that uses genomic data, or even different kinds of genomic data, might lead to another. The discrepancies often spark heated debate in the field.


One such debate emerged in 2008, when Mark Martindale, now director of the Whitney Laboratory, Gonzalo Giribet, an evolutionary biologist at Harvard University, and collaborators published a study that analyzed gene sequences from 29 different animals. After considering the genetic data, the researchers proposed a number of changes to the animal tree.


By far the most controversial of these changes was the suggestion that ctenophores should replace sponges as the earliest branch of animals. If evolution increases complexity over time, as biologists have traditionally believed, then an apparently simple organism like the sponge should predate a seemingly more complex organism like the comb jelly. Martindale and Giribet’s genetic data suggested otherwise, but critics were dubious. “We were pretty much ridiculed by the entire scientific community,” Martindale said.


Martindale and his collaborators needed to gather more evidence for their proposal. They convinced the National Institutes of Health to sequence the genome of a comb jelly, the sea walnut, which was published in Science in 2013. Moroz and his collaborators published a second ctenophore genome, the sea gooseberry, in Nature in 2014. Both papers, which employed more extensive data and more sophisticated analysis methods than the 2008 effort, support the ctenophore-first tree. A third paperanalyzing publicly available genome data and posted to the preprint server biorxiv.org earlier this year also supports the idea that comb jellies branched off first.


In light of the new evidence, scientists are beginning to take the idea seriously, although many in the field say there isn’t enough data to make any strong claims. This viewpoint has been reflected in a flurry of review articles published over the last year, many of which contend that comb jellies aren’t really the oldest branch; they just appear to be.


Comb jellies have evolved more rapidly than the other ancient animal groups, meaning that their gene sequences changed quickly over time. This in turn means that the genetic analysis of their place in the evolutionary tree could be subject to a computational artifact called “long-branch attraction,” a sort of glitch that can pull rapidly evolving organisms to the base of the tree. “Long-branched animal groups are often difficult to place,” said Detlev Arendt, an evolutionary biologist at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Germany. “So far, the phylogenetic data is not really conclusive on where [comb jellies] belong.”


Scientists hope that more data — including genomes of additional ctenophore species — will help resolve the deepest branches of the animal tree. And that, in turn, could have profound implications for our understanding of neurons and where they came from. “The branching order has a major influence on how we interpret the evolution of the nervous system,” said Gáspár Jékely, a biologist at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Germany.


Indeed, even those who agree that comb jellies came first disagree on the question of how neurons arose.


The Spark of Thought


The creation of neurons was a remarkable event in animal evolution. These cells can communicate — receiving, transmitting and processing information using a precise chemical and electrical language. Their power derives from the complex network they create. “A single neuron is like the sound of one hand clapping,” Martindale said. “The whole idea is that you put a bunch of them together and they can do things that a few single cells cannot.”


This level of complexity requires an unlikely confluence of evolutionary events. Mechanisms must arise that not only physically connect cells, but allow them to transmit and interpret signals. “The reason most people do not think that they could have evolved multiple times is the idea that neurons talk — specifically to other neurons,” Martindale said.


That’s what makes Moroz’s proposal — that neurons evolved twice, once in comb jellies and once in other animals — so controversial.


According to Moroz’s version of the evolutionary tree, animals started off with a common ancestor that had no neurons. Comb jellies then split off and went on to develop their strange brand of neurons. After that, ancestors of sponges and placozoans branched off. Like their ancestors, they lacked neurons. Rudimentary neurons, or protoneurons, then evolved for a second time in the ancestors of jellyfish and bilatarians, forming the basis of the nervous system found in all subsequent descendants, including humans. “In my opinion, it’s simpler and more realistic that the common ancestor had no nervous system,” Moroz said. (He thinks that even if comb jellies split off after sponges, they still evolved neurons independently.)


But some scientists who believe that ctenophores branched off first paint a different picture. They suggest that the common ancestor to all animals had a simple nervous system, which sponges subsequently lost. Comb jellies and the remaining branch, which includes our ancestors, the bilaterians, built on those protoneurons in different ways, developing increasingly sophisticated nervous systems.


“The ctenophores-first idea, if correct, suggests something really interesting going on,” said Christopher Lowe, a biologist at the Hopkins Marine Station at Stanford University. “Both interpretations are profound.” On the one hand, two independent origins of neurons would be surprising because it seems unlikely that the precise sequence of genetic accidents that created neurons could happen more than once. But it also seems unlikely that sponges would lose something as valuable as a neuron. “The only example we know from bilaterians where the nervous system was lost completely is in parasites,” Lowe said.


The two possibilities reflect a classic conundrum for evolutionary biologists. “Did this animal lose something or not have it to begin with?” Holland said. In this particular case, “I find it’s hard to take a stand,” she said.


Evolution is rife with examples of both loss and parallel evolution. Some worms and other animals have shed regulatory molecules or developmental genes employed by the rest of the animal kingdom. “It’s not unprecedented for important complements of genes to be lost in major animal lineages,” Lowe said. Convergent evolution, in which natural selection produces two similar structures independently, is fairly common in nature. The retina, for example, evolved independently several times. “Different animals sometimes use extremely different toolkits to make morphologically similar neurons, circuits and brains,” Moroz said. “Everyone accepts the eye case, but they think the brain or neuron only happened once.”


Moroz’s primary evidence for an independent origin of neurons in comb jellies comes from their unusual nervous systems. “The ctenophore’s nervous system is dramatically different from any other nervous system,” said Andrea Kohn, a molecular biologist who works with Moroz. Comb jellies appear to lack the commonly used chemical messengers that other animals have, such as serotonin, dopamine and acetylcholine. (They do use glutamate, a simple molecule that plays a major role in neuronal signaling in animals.) Instead, they have genes that are predicted to produce a slew of neural peptides, small proteins that can also act as chemical messengers. “No other animal except in this phylum has anything like that,” Kohn said.


But critics question this assertion as well. Perhaps comb jellies really do have the genes for serotonin and other neural signaling molecules, but those genes have evolved beyond recognition, Arendt said. “It could just mean [that comb jellies] are highly specialized,” he said.


Scientists on all sides of the debate say that it can only be answered with more data, and, more importantly, a better understanding of comb jelly biology. Even though they share some genes with model organisms, such as mice and fruit flies, it’s unclear what those genes do in comb jellies. Nor do scientists understand their basic cell biology, like how comb jelly neurons communicate.


But the ongoing debate has sparked interest in ctenophores, and more researchers are studying their nervous systems, development and genes. “Moroz and collaborators have shined the light on this part of the tree, which is a good thing,” Holland said. “We shouldn’t ignore those guys down there.”


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suammetuit:mythology meme: gods and goddesses - olympian (5/5) -...













suammetuit:



mythology meme: gods and goddesses - olympian (5/5) - artemis and apollo

A R T E M I S was the great Olympian goddess of hunting, wilderness and wild animals. She was also a goddess of childbirth, and the protectress of the girl child up to the age of marriage. Her twin brother Apollon was similarly the protector of the boy child. Together the two gods were also bringers of sudden death and disease. Artemis targetted women and girls, and Apollon men and boys. A P O L L O N (or Apollo) was the great Olympian god of prophecy and oracles, healing, plague and disease, music, song and poetry, archery, and the protection of the young. He was depicted as a handsome, beardless youth with long hair and various attributes including: a wreath and branch of laurel; bow and quiver; raven; and lyre.

poetry by [x] and [x]



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caraobrien:Cervical cancer is highly preventable in most Western...





caraobrien:



Cervical cancer is highly preventable in most Western countries because screening tests and a vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are available. When cervical cancer is found early, it is highly treatable and associated with long survival and good quality of life.


Learn more…



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terra sirenum, photographed by mars express, 6th november...

























terra sirenum, photographed by mars express, 6th november 2014.


36 to 44°s along 235°e longitude, in the highlands of the northeast terra sirenum. the icaria fossae trace diagonally across the last couple of gifs.


image credit: esa. animation: ageofdestruction.


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allinye:FIGURES OF NORSE MYTHOLOGY: IDUNThe goddess of eternal...





allinye:



FIGURES OF NORSE MYTHOLOGY: IDUN


The goddess of eternal youth, married to Bragi, the god of poetry. Idun is the custodian of the golden apples of youth. When the gods feel old age approaching, they only have to eat of the apples to become young again. As a goddess of fertility, youth and death, it is possible that she was originally one of the Vanir.


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isis was the goddess of magic, giver of life, queen of the...









isis was the goddess of magic, giver of life, queen of the throne.

her brother and lover, osiris, was the king of the underworld, and the great god of death.

(ladycassanabaratheon asked: nephthys/set or isis/osiris?)

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intj-confessions: toservethequeen:intj-confessions:Neat.neat....





intj-confessions:



toservethequeen:



intj-confessions:



Neat.



neat. neat?!?! youre looking at day and night AT THE SAME TIME, don you realize thats been completely impossible until like the past ten years. To be looking at this is straight up INSANE.


neat.


you fuckin kidding me



Neat.



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Head of an Oba (King), circa 1700s, from the court of Benin. The...





Head of an Oba (King), circa 1700s, from the court of Benin. The crown, with its pattern of crisscrossed beads and junctures marked by a dot in the center, is characteristic of this period. The three raised marks above each eye are called ikharo, believed to represent scarification marks. Men would usually have three, while women and foreigners would wear four.


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March 29th 1879: Battle of KambulaOn this day in 1879, the...



The end of the battle of Kambula





The Zulu attack at Kambula



March 29th 1879: Battle of Kambula


On this day in 1879, the Battle of Kambula occurred, marking a decisive moment in the Anglo-Zulu War. The war in South Africa began in 1878 after the murder of several British citizens by Zulus and the Zulu king’s refusal to hand over the perpetrators for trial. However, authorities in Britain had long been seeking pretense to launch an assault on the Zulu Kingdom to consolidate British rule in the area. The indigenous Zulu warriors had some initial success against the European invaders, including at the battle of Isandlwana in January 1879, though this victory was offset by defeat at Rourke’s Drift. Wary of the enemy, British forces in the Zulu Kingdom led by Evelyn Wood fortified an area near Kambula. On March 29th the Zulu army launched an attack on the British position, but their advance was halted by a British mounted force. The Zulu forces continued their attack, and 11,000 fighters charged head-on into a hail of British fire. They sustained heavy losses, but the Zulu army successfully exerted pressure on the British stronghold and forced the defenders to retreat. Despite putting up a considerable attack, the Zulu forces were eventually forced to retreat under British fire. The battle was a decisive British victory, with the defenders losing 29 soldiers and the Zulu up to 3,000. Kambula also severely weakened the Zulu forces, allowing the British to ultimately defeat the Zulu and imprison their king in July. British victory spelled the end of the independence of the Zulu nation in South Africa.


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