When Napoleon conquered Spain, and deposed the Spanish monarch in favor of his brother, a government-in-exile was formed. They declared that Ferdinand, son of the former king and at the time imprisoned in France, was the rightful ruler. In his absence the government-in-exile wrote a constitution. Created in 1812, it was a liberal document that made Spain a constitutional monarchy. When Ferdinand returned to be crowned King Ferdinand VII he super, super promised to respect the new constitution. But of course, Ferdinand wanted to be an old-school, non-constitution-having despot so that’s what he did. He even re-instituted the Spanish Inquisition which Napoleon had stopped!
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